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Breaking Down Cannabinoids and Their Effects

Breaking-Down-Cannabinoids-Shangri-La-Dispensary

Cannabinoids are chemical compounds in cannabis that interact with your body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS), a complex network that regulates mood, sleep, appetite, and pain. This guide explores the effects of key cannabinoids, including THC, CBD, and lesser-known compounds, to provide you with a deeper understanding of their benefits and medical applications.

What Are Cannabinoids?

Cannabinoids are a diverse group of chemicals found in the cannabis plant. They act on cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) in the ECS to influence a wide range of physiological processes.

  • CB1 receptors: These are located mainly in the brain and central nervous system.
  • CB2 receptors: These are found primarily in the immune system and peripheral tissues.

The cannabis plant produces: 

  • 80–100 cannabinoids (plant-derived, or phytocannabinoids).
  • ~300 other non-cannabinoid compounds such as terpenes, lipids, and flavonoids, adding to its therapeutic complexity.1

The two most well-known cannabinoids are:

  • THC (tetrahydrocannabinol): This cannabinoid produces psychoactive effects, or the characteristic cannabis “high.”
  • CBD (cannabidiol): CBD is considered psychoactive because it can influence mood and anxiety levels, but it is non-intoxicating and does not cause the euphoric “high” associated with THC.2

Classifying Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids may be classified into three main categories:

1. Phytocannabinoids

These are naturally occurring compounds in cannabis plants, such as:

  • THC
  • CBD
  • CBG
  • CBC
  • CBN

2. Endocannabinoids

These Compounds are naturally produced by the body to maintain balance (homeostasis). Examples include:

  • Anandamide
  • 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol)

3. Synthetic Cannabinoids

These laboratory-created compounds are designed to mimic natural cannabinoids. These carry a greater risk due to higher potency and unpredictable effects.3

How Cannabinoids Interact With the Body

Cannabinoids interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system by binding to CB1 and CB2 receptors. These receptors play key roles in regulating several essential functions by influencing the release of neurotransmitters and the transmission of signals throughout the brain and nervous system.

Some of the primary functions influenced by cannabinoids include:

  • Mood regulation – primarily through CB1 receptors in the brain.4
  • Sleep cycles – via their impact on neurotransmitters such as serotonin.5
  • Pain perception – through interactions with both CB1 and CB2 receptors.6
  • Inflammation response – by modulating immune system activity, particularly through CB2. 7

Beyond these core effects, specific cannabinoids can promote either relaxation or alertness, depending on the compound and dosage. This wide range of therapeutic potential makes cannabinoids especially promising for those managing conditions like chronic pain, inflammation, insomnia, or anxiety.

Key Cannabinoids and Their Effects

While there are over 100 cannabinoids, below are five key cannabinoids and their unique therapeutic properties:

1. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

  • Psychoactive? Yes
  • Effects on Mood: Euphoria and relaxation, but may trigger anxiety at high doses.
  • Effects on Sleep: Sedative at high doses; may improve sleep onset.
  • Effects on Pain: Reduces neuropathic and chronic pain by altering pain signaling in the CNS.
  • Medical Uses:
    • Appetite stimulation (HIV/AIDS).
    • Nausea relief (chemotherapy).
    • Pain management (multiple sclerosis).

2. Cannabidiol (CBD)

  • Psychoactive? It is not an intoxicant, but it may impact mood.
  • Effects on Mood: Reduces anxiety and depressive symptoms; mood stabilizer.
  • Effects on Sleep: Improves sleep quality and reduces insomnia.
  • Effects on Pain: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects without intoxication.
  • Medical Uses:
    • Epilepsy (FDA-approved drug Epidiolex).
    • Anxiety disorders.
    • Chronic pain and inflammation.

3. Cannabinol (CBN)

  • Psychoactive? Slightly
  • Effects on Mood: Mild relaxation.
  • Effects on Sleep: Sedative effects; often called the “sleep cannabinoid.”
  • Effects on Pain: Potential analgesic properties.
  • Medical Uses:
    • Sleep aid in formulations targeting insomnia.
    • May help with pain and muscle spasms.

4. Cannabigerol (CBG)

  • Psychoactive? Not an intoxicant, but may impact mood.
  • Effects on Mood: May improve mood through neuroprotective mechanisms.
  • Effects on Sleep: Supports balance in sleep-wake cycles.
  • Effects on Pain: Anti-inflammatory and potential for neuropathic pain relief.
  • Medical Uses:
    • Glaucoma (reduces intraocular pressure).
    • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
    • Neurodegenerative disorders (Huntington’s).

5. Cannabichromene (CBC)

  • Psychoactive? Not an intoxicant, but may impact mood.
  • Effects on Mood: Enhances mood through interaction with serotonin receptors.
  • Effects on Sleep: May indirectly support sleep by reducing pain and inflammation.
  • Effects on Pain: Strong anti-inflammatory properties; may work synergistically with THC and CBD.
  • Medical Uses:
    • Acne treatment.
    • Neuroprotection and potential antidepressant effects.

Medical Applications of Cannabinoids

Cannabinoids are increasingly recognized for their potential in managing a variety of medical conditions. While research is ongoing, both scientific studies and anecdotal reports suggest they may offer meaningful therapeutic benefits.

Pain Management

Cannabinoids interact with the body’s CB1 and CB2 receptors, helping to modulate pain pathways and reduce the transmission of pain signals to the brain. This interaction is thought to make them particularly useful in managing chronic and neuropathic pain, offering relief for conditions like arthritis, fibromyalgia, and multiple sclerosis-related discomfort.

One of the most significant benefits of cannabinoids for pain management is their potential to reduce dependence on opioids. As a natural alternative, cannabinoids may help patients manage pain effectively while lowering the risk of opioid-related addiction and side effects. This makes medical cannabis for pain relief an increasingly popular area of research and clinical application.8

Neurodegenerative Diseases

Cannabinoids are showing potential in managing symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s. In MS, oral cannabinoids have been shown to alleviate spasticity, reduce muscle stiffness, and improve mobility.9

For Parkinson’s disease, cannabinoids may provide neuroprotective effects by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress in the brain, which could slow neuronal degeneration. In Alzheimer’s disease, research suggests cannabinoids might help preserve brain cell function and reduce agitation in patients.10,11 While more studies are needed, these findings highlight the therapeutic promise of cannabinoids for neurodegenerative conditions.

Sleep Disorders

Cannabinoids play a vital role in supporting sleep health. Compounds like THC and CBN are known for their sedative properties, helping individuals fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer. These effects are particularly beneficial for those struggling with insomnia or sleep disturbances related to chronic pain or anxiety.

On the other hand, CBD enhances sleep architecture by addressing underlying issues, such as stress and inflammation, resulting in more restorative sleep cycles. This makes cannabinoids for sleep support a promising option for individuals seeking natural remedies for better rest.

Mental Health

Cannabinoids also show potential in supporting mental health. CBD is particularly promising for reducing symptoms of anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain, which helps regulate mood and promote a sense of calm without the psychoactive effects of THC.

For trauma-related conditions, synthetic cannabinoids like nabilone have been effective in reducing the severity of nightmares in PTSD patients.12 These findings suggest cannabinoids may provide an alternative approach for individuals seeking relief from anxiety and trauma-related sleep disturbances.

Potential Risks and Side Effects of Cannabinoids

While cannabinoids offer promising therapeutic benefits, they are not without potential risks—particularly when misused or without guidance.

  • THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) is the primary psychoactive compound in cannabis. In the short term, it may cause dizziness, dry mouth, increased heart rate, or impaired coordination. Higher doses can trigger anxiety, paranoia, or—in rare cases—acute psychotic reactions, especially in individuals with a history of mental health conditions. Chronic, heavy use of high-THC products has been linked to memory and cognitive issues, and may lead to Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD), particularly in adolescents and young adults whose brains are still developing.13
  • CBD (Cannabidiol) is non-intoxicating and generally well-tolerated. However, some users may experience mild side effects such as fatigue, diarrhea, or appetite changes. Importantly, CBD can interfere with the body’s ability to metabolize certain medications via the liver’s cytochrome P450 system, which may impact their effectiveness or safety.14
  • Cannabinoids such as THC, CBD, CBN, CBG, and CBC interact with the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS), helping to regulate mood, sleep, pain, and other bodily functions. However, effects can vary widely depending on the compound, dose, individual physiology, and existing health conditions. Responsible use—including starting with low doses and consulting a healthcare provider—is essential. Ongoing research continues to explore both the therapeutic promise and potential risks of these powerful plant compounds.

As the therapeutic use of cannabis continues to expand, it’s essential to approach cannabinoids with both curiosity and caution. Understanding the potential benefits and risks—especially those associated with THC and CBD—can help individuals make informed decisions about their health and wellness. Whether you’re exploring cannabinoids for pain relief, sleep support, or mental health, always consider your personal medical history, start with low doses, and consult a healthcare professional when needed. With thoughtful use and ongoing research, cannabinoids hold the potential to play a meaningful role in modern medicine.

FAQs

What are cannabinoids?

Cannabinoids are chemical compounds found in raw cannabis that interact with the human body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS). This system plays a crucial role in regulating essential functions, including mood, sleep, appetite, and pain. Cannabis research has identified many different cannabinoids, each with unique properties and potential therapeutic benefits. Pharmaceutical or medicinal cannabinoids are being studied and developed to help address various health conditions, offering promising solutions for patients. Cannabis users often select specific cannabis strains to target their individual needs, as different strains contain varying levels and combinations of these cannabis compounds. Understanding cannabinoids is key to unlocking the full medicinal potential of cannabis.

Which cannabinoids help with sleep?

THC and CBN are particularly effective for sleep, while CBD promotes overall sleep quality.

Is CBD psychoactive?

No. CBD offers therapeutic effects without intoxication.

Are synthetic cannabinoids safe?

Not always. Some synthetic cannabinoids, such as nabilone, are FDA-approved for medical use. However, illicit synthetic cannabinoids found in street drugs can be highly potent and carry serious health risks.

Can cannabinoids replace opioids for pain?

In some cases, yes. Cannabinoids may reduce opioid dependence in chronic pain management, but you should always consult your physician before deciding to treat an illness or ailment with cannabis.

*Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult your healthcare provider before using cannabis for medical purposes.

  1. https://adf.org.au/drug-facts/cannabinoids/ 
  2. https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-marijuana/art-20364974
  3. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK556062/ 
  4. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychiatry/articles/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.658433/full
  5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11011314/ 
  6. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.01259/full 
  7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3044336/
  8. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3820295/
  9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5874292/
  10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10207907/ 
  11. https://www.ajgponline.org/article/S1064-7481%2819%2930355-0/fulltext
  12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546995/
  13. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7027478/ 
  14. https://projectcbd.org/safety/cbd-cytochrome-p450/
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